讲中文修辞，老妈可以洋洋洒洒讲几堂课，对付小学生肯定不成问题，可是英文修辞，术语从前没学过。不如趁机精进一把，把儿子还没学的也先自修一下，省得以后被动。英语里19种修辞手法(Figures of Speech)包括：Simile 明喻、Metaphor 隐喻/暗喻、Metonymy 借喻/转喻、Synecdoche 提喻、Synaesthesia 通感/联觉/移觉、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比/平行、Euphemism 委婉/婉辞、Allegory 讽喻/比方、Irony 反语、Pun 双关、Parody 仿拟、Rhetorical question 修辞疑问、Antithesis 对照/对比/对偶、Paradox 隽语、Oxymoron 反意/逆喻、Climax 渐进/层进、Anticlimax 渐降。儿子今年学了Simile 明喻、Metaphor 隐喻/暗喻、Personification 拟人、Hyperbole 夸张、Parallelism 排比/平行。下面的解释和例句是从爱思英语上照搬来的。打星号的是儿子写的。
1.Simile 明喻
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.
标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.
例如:
1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.
2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud.
3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.
*>.When he put on his sneakers that were as large as the Titanic, he looked like a clown.
2.Metaphor 隐喻/暗喻
隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成.
例如:
1>.Hope is a good
breakfast, but it is a bad supper.
2>.Some books are
to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
*>.Her hair looks like noodles that I could eat.
3.Metonymy 借喻/转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称.
I.以容器代替内容，例如:
1>.The kettle
boils. 水开了。
2>.The room sat
silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。
II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称，例如: Lend me your ears,
please. 请听我说。
III.以作者代替作品，例如: a complete Shakespeare
莎士比亚全集
VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如: I had the muscle, and
they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。
4.Synecdoche 提喻
提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.
例如:
1>.There are about
100 hands working in his factory. (部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人.
2>.He is the Newton
of this century. (特殊代一般)
3>.The fox goes
very well with your cap.（整体代部分）这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。
5.Synaesthesia 通感/联觉/移觉
这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。
通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
例如:
1>.The birds sat
upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花） 鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音。
2>.Taste the music
of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉） 品尝Mozart的音乐。
6.Personification 拟人
拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物.
例如:
1>.The night gently
lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化）
2>.I was very happy
and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化）
*>.The race cars roared in the NASCAR track.
7.Hyperbole 夸张
夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果..
例如:
1>.I beg a thousand
pardons.
2>.Love you. You
are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
3>.When she heard
the bad news, a river of tears poured out.
*>.When I jumped in to the pool, I turned into an iceberg.
8.Parallelism 排比,/平行
这种修辞法是把两个或两个以上的结构大体相同或相似,意思相关,语气一致的短语.句子排列成串,形成一个整体.
例如:
1>.No one can be
perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are
moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
2>.In the days when
all these things are to be answered for, I summon you and yours, to the last of
your bad race, to answer for them. In the days when all these things are to be
answered for, I summon your brother, the worst of your bad race, to answer for
them separately.
9.Euphemism 委婉/婉辞
婉辞法指用委婉,文雅的方法表达粗恶,避讳的话.
例如:
1>.He is out
visiting the necessary. 他出去方便一下.
2>.His relation
with his wife has not been fortunate. 他与妻子关系不融洽.
3>.Deng Xiaoping
passed away in 1997. （去世）
10.Allegory 讽喻/比方（原意“寓言”）an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor 摘自英语专业《大学英语教程》。
建立在假借过去或别处的事例与对象之上，传达暗示，影射或者讥讽现世各种现象的含义。这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法,意为"换个方式的说法".它是一种形象的描述,具有双重性,表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。
例如:
1>.Make the hay
while the sun shines. 趁热打铁
2>.It's time to
turn plough into sword.
11.Irony 反语
反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.
例如:
1>.It would be a
fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
早上没有时间观念还真是一件好事啊（真实含义是应该明确早上的时间观念）
2>"Of course,
you only carry large notes, no small change on you. "the waiter said to
the beggar.
12.Pun 双关
双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.
例如:
1>.She is too low
for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great
praise.
2>.An ambassador is
an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country.
3>.If we don't hang
together, we shall hang separately.
13.Parody 仿拟
这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语，改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。
例如:
1>.Rome was not
built in a day, nor in a year.
2>.A friend in need
is a friend to be avoided.
3>.If you give a
girl an inch nowadays she will make address of it.
14.Rhetorical question
修辞疑问（反问）
它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的,而是以疑问为手段,取得修辞上的效果,其特点是:肯定问句表示强烈否定,而否定问句表示强烈的肯定.它的答案往往是不言而喻的.
例如:
1>.How was it
possible to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worth of note?
2>.Shall we allow
those untruths to go unanswered?
15.Antithesis 对照/对比/对偶
这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.
例如:
1>.Not that I loved
Caeser less but that I loved Rome more.
2>.You are staying;
I am going.
3>.Give me liberty,
or give me death.
16.Paradox 隽语
这是一种貌似矛盾,但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法,是一种矛盾修辞法..
例如:
1>.More haste, less
speed.欲速则不达
2>.The child is the
father to the man.（童年时代可决定人之未来）三岁看大，四岁看老。
17.Oxymoron 反意法/逆喻
这也是一种矛盾修辞法,用两种不相调和的特征形容一个事物,以不协调的搭配使读者领悟句中微妙的含义.
例如:
1>.No light, but
rather darkness visible.没有光亮，黑暗却清晰可见
2>.The state of
this house is cheerless welcome.
18.Climax 渐进/层进
这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小.轻重.深浅.高低等逐层渐进,最后达到顶点.可以增强语势,逐渐加深读者印象.
例如:
1>.I am sorry, I am
so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.
2>.Eye had not seen
nor ear heard, and nothing had touched his heart of stone.
19.Anticlimax 渐降
与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.
例如:
1>.On his breast he
wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.
2>.The duties of a
soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.
1 comment:
一个月没注意，水平突飞猛进呀！这许多古怪的生词也都被你挖出来了！
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